A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called

colonies In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state'' ...

), either contiguous with the imperial center or located overseas,

settled A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. A settler who migrates to an area previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited may be described as a pioneer. Settle ...

by the population of a certain

state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...

and governed by that state. Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other

empire An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...

s had conquered and colonized territories, such as the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

, or the

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...

in what is now

southern China South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning varies with context. A notable feature of South China in comparison to the rest of China is that most of its citizens are not n ...

. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

an maritime powers,

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

and

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

, during the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was

trade Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market. An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct excha ...

, driven by the new ideas and the

capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, priva ...

that grew out of the European

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...

. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in

1479 Year 1479 ( MCDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar). Events January–December * January 20 – Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon, and rules together wit ...

1493 Year 1493 ( MCDXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 19 – Treaty of Barcelona: Charles VIII of France returns Cerdagne a ...

, and 1494. European imperialism was born out of competition between European Christians and Ottoman Muslims, the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes to

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

, and to a lesser extent, China. Although colonies existed in

classical antiquity Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD centred on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ...

, especially amongst the

Phoenicians Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their histor ...

and the

Ancient Greeks Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of cult ...

who settled many islands and coasts of the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...

, these colonies were politically independent from the

city-state A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...

s they originated from, and thus did not constitute a colonial empire. This paradigm shifted by the time of the Ptolemaic Empire, the Seleucid Empire, and the

History

European colonial empires

Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonial

empires An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...

under the leadership of Henry the Navigator. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign states. Portugal would eventually control

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

, territories such as what is now

Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...

and some fishing ports in north, in the

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

;

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...

Portuguese Guinea Portuguese Guinea ( pt, Guiné), called the Overseas Province of Guinea from 1951 until 1972 and then State of Guinea from 1972 until 1974, was a West African colony of Portugal from 1588 until 10 September 1974, when it gained independence as Gu ...

, and

São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe (; pt, São Tomé e Príncipe (); English: " Saint Thomas and Prince"), officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe ( pt, República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe), is a Portuguese-speaking i ...

(among other territories and bases) in the

North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...

and the

Subsaharan Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the African co ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

; cities, forts or territories in all the

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

n subcontinents, as

Muscat Muscat ( ar, مَسْقَط, ) is the capital and most populated city in Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is s ...

Ormus The Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Hormoz; fa, هرمز; pt, Ormuz) was located in the eastern side of the Persian Gulf and extended as far as Bahrain in the west at its zenith. The Kingdom was established in 11th century initially as a depe ...

and

Bahrain Bahrain ( ; ; ar, البحرين, al-Bahrayn, locally ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, ' is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an ...

(amongst other bases) in the

Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf ( fa, خلیج فارس, translit=xalij-e fârs, lit=Gulf of Persis, Fars, ), sometimes called the ( ar, اَلْخَلِيْجُ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a Mediterranean sea (oceanography), me ...

;

Goa Goa () is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is located between the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the ...

Bombay Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second- ...

and

Daman and Diu Daman and Diu (; ) was a former union territory in northwestern India. With an area of , it was the smallest administrative subdivision of India on the mainland. The territory comprised two districts, Damaon and Dio island, geographically sep ...

(amongst other coastal cities) in

;

Portuguese Ceylon Portuguese Ceylon ( pt, Ceilão Português, Sinhala: පෘතුගීසි ලංකාව ''Puruthugisi Lankawa'', Tamil: போர்த்துக்கேய இலங்கை ''Porthukeya Ilankai'') is the name given to the territory ...

;

Malacca Malacca ( ms, Melaka) is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca. Its capital is Malacca City, dubbed the Historic City, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site si ...

, bases in Southeast Asia and

Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a region, geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern Hemisphere, Eastern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of ...

, as

Makassar Makassar (, mak, ᨆᨀᨔᨑ, Mangkasara’, ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta, Surabaya, Med ...

Solor Solor is a volcanic island located off the eastern tip of Flores island in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, in the Solor Archipelago. The island supports a small population that has been whaling for hundreds of years. They speak the lang ...

, Banda,

Ambon Ambon may refer to: Places * Ambon Island, an island in Indonesia ** Ambon, Maluku, a city on Ambon Island, the capital of Maluku province ** Governorate of Ambon, a colony of the Dutch East India Company from 1605 to 1796 * Ambon, Morbihan, a c ...

and others in the

Moluccas The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located eas ...

Portuguese Timor Portuguese Timor ( pt, Timor Português) was a colonial possession of Portugal that existed between 1702 and 1975. During most of this period, Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Dutch East Indies. The first Europeans to arrive in the ...

; and the granted ''

entrepôt An ''entrepôt'' (; ) or transshipment port is a port, city, or trading post where merchandise may be imported, stored, or traded, usually to be exported again. Such cities often sprang up and such ports and trading posts often developed into co ...

''-base of

Macau Macau or Macao (; ; ; ), officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (MSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. With a pop ...

and the entrepôt-enclave of

Dejima , in the 17th century also called Tsukishima ( 築島, "built island"), was an artificial island off Nagasaki, Japan that served as a trading post for the Portuguese (1570–1639) and subsequently the Dutch (1641–1854). For 220 years, it ...

(

Nagasaki is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. It became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the ...

) in

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea and ...

, amongst other smaller or short-lived possessions. Colonisation2

During its ''

Siglo de Oro The Spanish Golden Age ( es, Siglo de Oro, links=no , "Golden Century") is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish Ha ...

'', the

Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...

had possession of

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

, all of

southern Italy Southern Italy ( it, Sud Italia or ) also known as ''Meridione'' or ''Mezzogiorno'' (), is a macroregion of the Italian Republic consisting of its southern half. The term ''Mezzogiorno'' today refers to regions that are associated with the peop ...

, a stretch of territories from the

Duchy of Milan The Duchy of Milan ( it, Ducato di Milano; lmo, Ducaa de Milan) was a state in northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city sin ...

to the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...

, and

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

, parts of

Burgundy Burgundy (; french: link=no, Bourgogne ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The c ...

, and many colonial settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Possessions in Europe, Africa, the

Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...

, the Americas, the

Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

, and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence. From 1580 to 1640 the

Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire ( pt, Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (''Ultramar Português'') or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (''Império Colonial Português''), was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the l ...

and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a

personal union A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union, by contrast, would involve the constituent states being to some extent interlink ...

of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the ''Iberian Union'', but beneath the highest level of government, their separate administrations were maintained. Subsequent colonial empires included the French,

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

and

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

empires. By the mid-17th century, the

Tsardom of Russia The Tsardom of Russia or Tsardom of Rus' also externally referenced as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter I i ...

, continued later as the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

, the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

, and modern

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

, became the largest contiguous state in the world and remains so to this day. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, by virtue of its technological and maritime supremacy, the

British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...

steadily expanded to become by far the largest empire in history; at its height ruling over a quarter of the Earth’s land area and 24% of the population. Britain’s role as a global hegemon during this time ushered in a century of “ British Peace”, lasting from the end of the

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, sometimes called the Great French War, were a series of conflicts between the French and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars agains ...

to the start of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. During the

New Imperialism In historical contexts, New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Com The period featured an unprecedented pursuit of ove ...

, Italy and Germany also built their colonial empires in Africa.

Timeline

The chart below shows the span of some European colonial empires. * Black lines mark the year of the empires largest territorial extent of land area. * Red represents that the empire is at that time a

monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional monarchy) ...

. * Blue represents that the empire is at that time a

republic A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

. ImageSize = width:750 height:450 PlotArea = width:650 height:350 left:50 bottom:50 DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1400 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1400 # there is no automatic collision detection, # so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap Colors= id:red value:red Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar Define $dy = -5 # adjust height PlotData= bar:Belgian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1908 till:1962 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1928 mark: (line,black) bar:British color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1707 till:1997 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1920 mark: (line,black) bar:Danish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1536 till:1953 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1810 mark: (line,black) bar:Dutch color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1602 till:1806 shift:($dx,-2) color:blue from:1806 till:1975 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1806 mark: (line,red) at:1930 mark: (line,black) bar:English color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1585 till:1649 shift:($dx,-2) color:red from:1649 till:1660 shift:($dx,-2) color:blue from:1660 till:1707 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1649 mark: (line,blue) at:1660 mark: (line,red) at:1707 mark: (line,black) bar:French color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1534 till:1792 shift:($dx,-2) color:red from:1792 till:1814 shift:($dx,-2) color:blue from:1814 till:1870 shift:($dx,-2) color:red from:1870 till:1980 shift:($dx,-2) color:blue at:1792 mark: (line,blue) at:1814 mark: (line,red) at:1870 mark: (line,blue) at:1920 mark: (line,black) bar:German color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1884 till:1918 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1912 mark: (line,black) bar:Italian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1885 till:1946 shift:($dx,-2) color:red from:1946 till:1960 shift:($dx,-2) color:blue at:1946 mark: (line,blue) at:1939 mark: (line,black) bar:Portuguese color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1415 till:1999 shift:($dx,-2) color:red from:1910 till:1999 shift:($dx,-2) color:blue at:1910 mark: (line,blue) at:1815 mark: (line,black) bar:Russian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1721 till:1917 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1895 mark: (line,black) bar:Spanish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1492 till:1931 shift:($dx,-2) color:red from:1931 till:1947 shift:($dx,-2) color:blue from:1947 till:1975 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1873 mark: (line,blue) at:1874 mark: (line,blue) at:1931 mark: (line,blue) at:1810 mark: (line,black) at:1947 mark: (line,blue) bar:Swedish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7 from:1638 till:1663 shift:($dx,-2) color:red from:1784 till:1878 shift:($dx,-2) color:red at:1658 mark: (line,black)

List of colonial empires

: * Belgian Empire (1908–1962) ** (1908–1960) ** Coat of arms of Ruanda-Urundi

Ruanda-Urundi Ruanda-Urundi (), later Rwanda-Burundi, was a colonial territory, once part of German East Africa, which was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I and was administered by Belgium under militar ...

(1922–1962) **

Belgian concession of Tianjin The Belgian concession of Tianjin (; ; ) was a 120 acre Belgian colonial concession in the Chinese city of Tianjin between 1902 and 1931, the only Belgian concession in China. Although its own concession had not been developed, Belgium had been ...

(1902–1931) *

(1707–1997/

present The present (or here'' and ''now) is the time that is associated with the events perception, perceived directly and in the first time, not as a recollection (perceived more than once) or a speculation (predicted, hypothesis, uncertain). It is ...

) **

Evolution of the British Empire The territorial evolution of the British Empire is considered to have begun with the foundation of the English colonial empire in the late 16th century. Since then, many territories around the world have been under the control of the United ...

;

English colonial empire The English overseas possessions, also known as the English colonial empire, comprised a variety of overseas territories that were colonised, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the former Kingdom of England during the centuries before the Ac ...

(1585–1707) **Possessions in Europe ***

British Cyprus British Cyprus was the island of Cyprus under the dominion of the British Empire, administered sequentially from 1878 to 1914 as a British protectorate, from 1914 to 1925 as a unilaterally annexed military occupation, and from 1925 to 1960 as a ...

***

British Malta The Crown Colony of the Island of Malta and its Dependencies (commonly known as the Crown Colony of Malta or simply Malta) was the British colony in the Maltese islands, today the modern Republic of Malta. It was established when the Malta Prot ...

*** British Ireland ***

United States of the Ionian Islands The United States of the Ionian Islands ( el, Ἡνωμένον Κράτος τῶν Ἰονίων Νήσων, Inoménon-Krátos ton Ioníon Níson, United State of the Ionian Islands; it, Stati Uniti delle Isole Ionie) was a Greek state and am ...

**Possessions in Africa *** Flag of British Somaliland (1952–1960)

British Somaliland British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate ( so, Dhulka Maxmiyada Soomaalida ee Biritishka), was a British Empire, British protectorate in present-day Somaliland. During its existence, the territory was bordered by Italian Soma ...

(1884–1960) ***

British Egypt The history of Egypt under the British lasted from 1882, when it was occupied by British forces during the Anglo-Egyptian War, until 1956 after the Suez Crisis, when the last British forces withdrew in accordance with the Anglo-Egyptian agree ...

(1914–1936) ***

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( ar, السودان الإنجليزي المصري ') was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt in the Sudans region of northern Africa between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day ...

(1899–1956) *** Flag of Kenya (1895–1921)

East Africa Protectorate East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) was an area in the African Great Lakes occupying roughly the same terrain as present-day Kenya from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west. Controlled by Britai ...

(1895–1920) *** Flag of Kenya (1921–1963)

Kenya Colony The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, commonly known as British Kenya or British East Africa, was part of the British Empire in Africa. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in ...

(1920–1963) *** Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate

Uganda Protectorate The Protectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to 1962. In 1893 the Imperial British East Africa Company transferred its administration rights of territory consisting mainly of the Kingdom of Buganda to the Brit ...

(1894–1962) *** Flag of Tanganyika (1923–1961)

Tanganyika (territory) Tanganyika was a colonial territory in East Africa which was administered by the United Kingdom in various guises from 1916 to 1961. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a L ...

(1922–1961) *** Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964)

Protectorate of

Nyasaland Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasala ...

(1893–1964) *** Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939–1964)

Protectorate of

Northern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia was a British protectorate in southern Africa, south central Africa, now the independent country of Zambia. It was formed in 1911 by Amalgamation (politics), amalgamating the two earlier protectorates of Barotziland-North-West ...

(1924–1964) *** Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924–1964)

Colony of

Southern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia was a landlocked self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally kn ...

(1923–1965), (1979–1980) ***

Bechuanaland Protectorate The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a British protectorate, protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (later the United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) in So ...

(1885–1966) *** Flag of Nigeria (1914–1952)

British Nigeria Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. Britain a ...

(1914–1954) *** Flag of the Gold Coast (1877–1957)

British Gold Coast The Gold Coast was a British Crown colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa from 1821 until its independence in 1957 as Ghana. The term Gold Coast is also often used to describe all of the four separate jurisdictions that were under the ad ...

(1867–1957) *** Flag of Sierra Leone (1916–1961)

British Sierra Leone The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone (informally British Sierra Leone) was the British colonial administration in Sierra Leone from 1808 to 1961, part of the British Empire from the abolitionism era until the decolonisation era. The Crow ...

(1808–1961) *** Flag of The Gambia (1889–1965)

British Gambia (1821–1965) ** Possessions in the Americas *** ***

British West Indies The British West Indies (BWI) were colonized British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grena ...

****

Bahamas The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to ...

****

Barbados Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate). ...

**** **** (1671–1816),(1833–1958) **** (1833–1960) **** ****

Colony of Jamaica The Crown Colony of Jamaica and Dependencies was a British colony from 1655, when it was captured by the English Protectorate from the Spanish Empire. Jamaica became a British colony from 1707 and a Crown colony in 1866. The Colony was pri ...

(1655–1962) ****

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...

**** *** (1862–1981) *** (1814–1966) ***

Mosquito Coast The Mosquito Coast, also known as the Mosquitia or Mosquito Shore, historically included the area along the eastern coast of present-day Nicaragua and Honduras. It formed part of the Western Caribbean Zone. It was named after the local Miskit ...

(1638–1787), (1844–1860) **Possessions in South Asia *** (1757–1858) **** ****

Bombay Presidency The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province, also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936), was an administrative subdivision (province) of British India, with its capital in the city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay. The first mainl ...

****

Madras Presidency The Madras Presidency, or the Presidency of Fort St. George, also known as Madras Province, was an administrative subdivision (presidency) of British India. At its greatest extent, the presidency included most of southern India, including the ...

*** (1858–1947) *** (1815–1948) *** (protectorate) (1907–1947) ***

Sikkim Sikkim (; ) is a state in Northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Province No. 1 of Nepal in the west and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to the Siligur ...

(protectorate) (1861–1947) ***

Kingdom of Nepal The Kingdom of Nepal ( ne, नेपाल अधिराज्य), also known as the Gorkha Empire ( ne, गोरखा अधिराज्य) or Asal Hindustan ( ne, असल हिन्दुस्तान)(), was a Hindu king ...

(protectorate) (1816–1923) *** (protectorate) (1879–1919) **Possessions in East Asia *** (1841–1997) ***

Port Hamilton incident The Geomun Island Incident or the Port Hamilton Incident was the occupation of Geomundo (also Komundo or Port Hamilton), Korea, by the Royal Navy from 15 April 1885 to 27 February 1887. Russian Empire, Russia had intended to use the island as a ...

**Possessions in the Middle East *** (1820–1971) *** British Bahrain *** British Qatar (1916–1971) ***

British Iraq The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq ( ar, الانتداب البريطاني على العراق '), was created in 1921, following the 1920 Iraqi Revolt against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia, an ...

(1920–1932) *** (1921–1946) *** (1920–1948) ***

Sheikhdom of Kuwait ) , image_map = kuwait in its region 1913-1922.jpg , image_map_caption = , capital = Kuwait City , latd = , latm = , latNS = , longd = ...

(1899–1961) ***

Aden Protectorate The Aden Protectorate ( ar, محمية عدن ') was a British protectorate in South Arabia which evolved in the hinterland of the port of Aden and in the Hadhramaut following the conquest of Aden by the Bombay Presidency of British India ...

(1872–1963) ***

Muscat and Oman The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman ( ar, سلطنة مسقط وعمان, Salṭanat Masqaṭ wa-‘Umān), also known briefly as the State of Muscat and Oman () during the rule of Taimur bin Feisal, was a sovereign state that encompassed the prese ...

(1892–1970) **Possessions in Southeast Asia ***

British Bencoolen British Bencoolen was a possession of the British East India Company (EIC) extending about 300 miles along the southwestern coast of Sumatra and centered on the area of what is now Bengkulu City. The EIC established a presence there in 1685, and ...

***

British Malaya The term "British Malaya" (; ms, Tanah Melayu British) loosely describes a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British hegemony or control between the late 18th and the mid-20th century. U ...

***

British Borneo British Borneo comprised the four northern parts of the island of Borneo, which are now the country of Brunei, two Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, and the Malaysian federal territory of Labuan. During the British colonial rule before Worl ...

**Dominions of the United Kingdom *** *** ***

States and territories of Australia The states and territories are federated administrative divisions in Australia, ruled by regional governments that constitute the second level of governance between the federal government and local governments. States are self-governing p ...

(1901–present) ****The

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

, itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1901, 1942 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandates of

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of ...

and

Nauru Nauru ( or ; na, Naoero), officially the Republic of Nauru ( na, Repubrikin Naoero) and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Ki ...

***

Realm of New Zealand The Realm of New Zealand consists of the entire area in which the monarch of New Zealand functions as head of state. The realm is not a federation; it is a collection of states and territories united under its monarch. New Zealand is an indep ...

(1907–present) ****The

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

, itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1907, 1947 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandate of

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono Island, Manono an ...

. It was also nominal co-trustee of the mandate of

. The remaining non-self-governing New Zealand territory is

Tokelau Tokelau (; ; known previously as the Union Islands, and, until 1976, known officially as the Tokelau Islands) is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists of three tropical coral atolls: Atafu, Nukunonu, a ...

. *** Mandates under South African administration (1915–1990) ****The

South-West Africa South West Africa ( af, Suidwes-Afrika; german: Südwestafrika; nl, Zuidwest-Afrika) was a territory under South African administration from 1915 to 1990, after which it became modern-day Namibia. It bordered Angola (Portuguese colony before 1 ...

mandate was governed by the

Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Trans ...

, that itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1910, 1931 and 1961. * Danish Empire (1620–1979/

) **

Danish India Danish India () was the name given to the colonies of Denmark (Denmark–Norway before 1814) in the Indian subcontinent, forming part of the Danish colonial empire. Denmark–Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, i ...

(1620–1869) **

Danish Gold Coast The Danish Gold Coast ( da, Danske Guldkyst or ''Dansk Guinea'') comprised the colonies that Denmark–Norway controlled in Africa as a part of the Gold Coast (roughly present-day southeast Ghana), which is on the Gulf of Guinea. It was coloni ...

(1658–1850) **

Danish colonization of the Americas Denmark and the former real union of Denmark–Norway had a colonial empire from the 17th through the 20th centuries, large portions of which were found in the Americas. Denmark and Norway in one form or another also maintained land claims in Gre ...

: ***

Danish West Indies The Danish West Indies ( da, Dansk Vestindien) or Danish Antilles or Danish Virgin Islands were a Danish colonization of the Americas, Danish colony in the Caribbean, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas ...

(1754–1917) ***

Greenland Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is t ...

(1814–1979) * Dutch Empire (1602–1975/

Present The present (or here'' and ''now) is the time that is associated with the events perception, perceived directly and in the first time, not as a recollection (perceived more than once) or a speculation (predicted, hypothesis, uncertain). It is ...

) **

Dutch colonization of the Americas The Netherlands began its colonization of the Americas with the establishment of trading posts and plantations, which preceded the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch East Indies, Dutch in Asia. While the first Dutch fort in Asia ...

by : *** *** Dutch Guyana/Surinam ***

Dutch Brazil Dutch Brazil ( nl, Nederlands-Brazilië), also known as New Holland ( nl, Nieuw-Holland), was a colony of the Dutch Republic in the northeastern portion of modern-day Brazil, controlled from 1630 to 1654 during Dutch colonization of the Americas ...

***

Dutch Caribbean The Dutch Caribbean (historically known as the Dutch West Indies) are the territories, colonies, and countries, former and current, of the Dutch Empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Sea. They are in the north and south-wes ...

** ***

Dutch India Dutch India consisted of the settlements and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. It is only used as a geographical definition, as there was never a political authority ruling all Dutch India. Instead, Dutc ...

*** **** ***

Dutch Cape Colony The Cape Colony ( nl, Kaapkolonie) was a Dutch United East India Company (VOC) colony in Southern Africa, centered on the Cape of Good Hope, from where it derived its name. The original colony and its successive states that the colony was inco ...

(1652–1806) ***

Dutch Formosa The island of Taiwan, also commonly known as ''Formosa'', was partly under colonial rule by the Dutch Republic from 1624 to 1662 and from 1664 to 1668. In the context of the Age of Discovery, the Dutch East India Company established its presence ...

(1624–1662) * French colonial Empire (1534–1980/

) **

French colonization of the Americas France began colonizing the Americas in the 16th century and continued into the following centuries as it established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. France established colonies in much of eastern North America, on several Caribbe ...

: ***

France Antarctique France Antarctique (formerly also spelled ''France antartique'') was a French colony in Rio de Janeiro, in modern-day Brazil, which existed between 1555 and 1567, and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio. The colony quickly ...

(1555–1567) *** (1534–1763) and

Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...

***

French Louisiana The term French Louisiana refers to two distinct regions: * first, to Louisiana (New France), colonial French Louisiana, comprising the massive, middle section of North America claimed by Early Modern France, France during the 17th and 18th centu ...

***

French West Indies The French West Indies or French Antilles (french: Antilles françaises, ; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Antiy fwansez) are the parts of France located in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean: * The two overseas departments of: ** Guadeloupe, ...

(1635–today) ***

Îles des Saintes The Îles des Saintes (; "Islands of the Female Saints"), also known as Les Saintes, is a group of small islands in the archipelago of Guadeloupe, an overseas department of France. It is part of the Canton of Trois-Rivières and is divided int ...

(1648–present) ***

Marie-Galante Marie-Galante ( gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Mawigalant) is one of the islands that form Guadeloupe, an overseas department of France. Marie-Galante has a land area of . It had 11,528 inhabitants at the start of 2013, but by the start of 2018 ...

(1635–present) ***

la Désirade La Désirade is an island in the French West Indies, in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean. It forms part of Guadeloupe, an overseas region of France. History Archaeological evidence has been discovered that suggests that an Amerindian popu ...

(1635–present) ***

Guadeloupe Guadeloupe (; ; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Gwadloup, ) is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the ...

(1635–present) ***

Martinique Martinique ( , ; gcf, label=Martinican Creole, Matinik or ; Kalinago: or ) is an island and an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France. An integral part of the French Republic, Martinique is located in th ...

(1635–present) ***

French Guiana French Guiana ( or ; french: link=no, Guyane ; gcr, label=French Guianese Creole, Lagwiyann ) is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic ...

*** **Asia: ***

French India French India, formally the ( en, French Settlements in India), was a French colony comprising five geographically separated enclaves on the Indian Subcontinent that had initially been factories of the French East India Company. They were ''de ...

(1664–1962) ***

French Indochina French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...

and

French Indochinese Union French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...

(1887–1954) **** Laos (protectorate) (1893–1953) **** Cambodia (protectorate) (1863–1953) ****

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

*****

Cochinchina Cochinchina or Cochin-China (, ; vi, Đàng Trong (17th century - 18th century, Việt Nam (1802-1831), Đại Nam (1831-1862), Nam Kỳ (1862-1945); km, កូសាំងស៊ីន, Kosăngsin; french: Cochinchine; ) is a historical exony ...

(Southern Vietnam) (1858–1949) ***** Annam (protectorate) (Central Vietnam) (1883–1949) ***** Tonkin (protectorate) (Northern Vietnam) (1884–1949 ***

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

**** The foreign concessions :

French Concession of Shanghai The Shanghai French Concession; ; Shanghainese pronunciation: ''Zånhae Fah Tsuka'', group=lower-alpha was a concessions in China, foreign concession in Shanghai, Republic of China (1912–1949), China from 1849 until 1943, which progressively ...

(1849–1946),

Tianjin Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popul ...

(1860–1946) and

Hankou Hankou, alternately romanized as Hankow (), was one of the three towns (the other two were Wuchang and Hanyang) merged to become modern-day Wuhan city, the capital of the Hubei province, China. It stands north of the Han and Yangtze Rivers wher ...

(1898–1946) **** The Spheres of French influence officially recognized by China on the provinces of

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in Southwest China, the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is ...

Guangxi Guangxi (; ; Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the People's Republic ...

Hainan Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. , the largest and most populous island in China,The island of Taiwan, which is slightly l ...

Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...

****

Shamian Island Shamian (also romanized as Shameen or Shamin, both from its Cantonese pronunciation) is a sandbank island in the Liwan District of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. The island's name literally means "sandy surface" in Chinese. The territory ...

(1859–1949) (a fifth of the island) ****

French Guangzhouwan The Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan, officially the , was a territory on the coast of Zhanjiang in China leased to France and administered by French Indochina. The capital of the territory was Fort-Bayard, present-day Zhanjiang. The Japan ...

(1898–1945) **Possessions in the Middle East ***

Mandate for Syria and Lebanon The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (french: Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; ar, الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان, al-intidāb al-fransi 'ala suriya wa-lubnān) (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate foun ...

(1920–1946) **

French Africa French Africa includes all the historic holdings of France on the African continent. Françafrique French North Africa * Egypt (1798-1801) * French Algeria (1830–1962) * Protectorate of Tunisia (1881–1956) * Protectorate in Morocco (1 ...

: ***

French North Africa French North Africa (french: Afrique du Nord française, sometimes abbreviated to ANF) is the term often applied to the territories controlled by France in the North African Maghreb during the colonial era, namely Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In ...

(1830–1934) and

French Algeria French Algeria (french: Alger to 1839, then afterwards; unofficially , ar, الجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of French colonisation of Algeria. French rule in the region began in 1830 with the ...

***

French Morocco The French protectorate in Morocco (french: Protectorat français au Maroc; ar, الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب), also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco between 1912 to 1956. The prote ...

(1912–1956) ***

French Tunisia The French protectorate of Tunisia (french: Protectorat français de Tunisie; ar, الحماية الفرنسية في تونس '), commonly referred to as simply French Tunisia, was established in 1881, during the French colonial Empire era, ...

(1886–1956) ***

French Somaliland French Somaliland (french: Côte française des Somalis, lit= French Coast of the Somalis so, Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1884 and 1967, at which time it became the French Ter ...

(1883–1967) ***

French West Africa French West Africa (french: Afrique-Occidentale française, ) was a federation of eight French colonial territories in West Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (now Burki ...

(1895–1958) ***

French Madagascar The Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies (french: Colonie de Madagascar et dépendances) was a French colony off the coast of Southeast Africa between 1897 and 1958 in what is now Madagascar. The colony was formerly a protectorate of France kn ...

(1897–1958) ***

French Comoros The history of the Comoros extends to about 800–1000 AD when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time. France colonised the islands in the 19th century, and they became independ ...

(1866–1968) ***

French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa (french: link=no, Afrique-Équatoriale française), or the AEF, was the federation of French colonial possessions in Equatorial Africa, extending northwards from the Congo River into the Sahel, and comprising what are ...

(1910–1958) *** Isle de France (1715–1810) ***

Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (french: link=no, République des Seychelles; Creole: ''La Repiblik Sesel''), is an archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, V ...

(1756–1810) *** The

Scattered Islands The Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean (french: Îles Éparses or ''Îles Éparses de l'océan Indien'') consist of four small coral islands, an atoll, and a reef in the Indian Ocean, and have constituted the 5th district of the French Sout ...

***

Reunion island Reunion may refer to: * Class reunion * Family reunion Reunion, Réunion, Re-union, Reunions or The Reunion may also refer to: Places * Réunion, a French overseas department and island in the Indian Ocean * Reunion, Commerce City, Colorado, US ...

(1710–present) ***

Mayotte Mayotte (; french: Mayotte, ; Shimaore: ''Maore'', ; Kibushi: ''Maori'', ), officially the Department of Mayotte (french: Département de Mayotte), is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France. It is loc ...

(1841–present) **Oceania: *** (1906–1980) *** *** *** *** Clipperton island *

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

(1884–1920) **

Kamerun Kamerun was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon. Kamerun also included northern parts of Gabon and the Congo with western parts of the Central African Republic, southwestern p ...

(1884–1918) **

Togoland Togoland was a German Empire protectorate in West Africa from 1884 to 1914, encompassing what is now the nation of Togo and most of what is now the Volta Region of Ghana, approximately 90,400 km2 (29,867 sq mi) in size. During the period kno ...

(1884–1916) **

German South West Africa German South West Africa (german: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. With a total area of ...

(1884–1919) **

German New Guinea German New Guinea (german: Deutsch-Neu-Guinea) consisted of the northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and several nearby island groups and was the first part of the German colonial empire. The mainland part of the territory, called , ...

(1884–1919) **

German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...

(1885–1919) **

German Samoa German Samoa (german: Deutsch-Samoa) was a German protectorate from 1900 to 1920, consisting of the islands of Upolu, Savai'i, Apolima and Manono, now wholly within the independent state of Samoa, formerly ''Western Samoa''. Samoa was the last ...

(1900–1920) ** German Concession in Tientsin **German concession of

** German Tsingtao *** German

Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a German colonial empire, German leased territory in Qing dynasty, Imperial and Republic of China (1912–1949), Early Republican China from 1898 to 1914. Covering an area of , it centered on Jiaozhou Ba ...

Italian Empire The Italian colonial empire ( it, Impero coloniale italiano), known as the Italian Empire (''Impero Italiano'') between 1936 and 1943, began in Africa in the 19th century and comprised the colonies, protectorates, concessions and dependencie ...

(1882–1960) ** Eritrea COA

Eritrea Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...

(1882–1947) ** Italian Somaliland COA

Somaliland Somaliland,; ar, صوماليلاند ', ' officially the Republic of Somaliland,, ar, جمهورية صوماليلاند, link=no ''Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd'' is a ''de facto'' sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, still conside ...

(1889–1947, 1950–1960 as Italian Trust Territory of Somaliland) **

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...

(1936–1941) *** Scudo Africa Orientale Italiana

Italian East Africa (formed by merging Eritrea, Somaliland and Ethiopia: 1936–1947) **

Italian Cyrenaica, Cyrenaica (1912–1947) ** Tripolitana COA

Italian Tripolitania, Tripolitania (1912–1947) *** Coat of arms of Lybia (1940)

Italian Libya, Libya (formed by merging Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in 1934. It dissolved in 1947. It also included the Southern Military Territory, Southern Military Territory of Fezzan) ** Blason Ordre Malte 3D

Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–1947) ** Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943), Italian Albania (1939–1943) **Italian occupation of France, Italian France (1940–1943) ** Italian governorate of Montenegro, Italian Montenegro (1941–1943) **Italian concession of Tientsin (1901–1947) * Ottoman Empire (1354–1908) **Asia: *** Aceh Sultanate, Protectorate of Aceh (1496–1903) *** Ottoman Arabia (1517–1919) *** Ottoman Cyprus (1571–1878) *** Ottoman Iraq (1538–1918) *** Ottoman Syria (1517–1918) **Africa: *** (1867–1914) *** Ottoman Egypt (1517–1914) *** Habesh Eyalet, Ottoman Absinia (1554–1872) *** (1516–1830) *** (1551–1912) *** Ottoman Tunisia (1574–1881) **Europe: *** (1898–1913) *** (1475–1774) *** Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463–1908) *** Ottoman Bulgaria (1396–1878) *** Ottoman Crete (1667–1898) *** Ottoman Greece (1453–1830) *** Ottoman Hungary (1541–1699) *** Ottoman Serbia (1371–1817) *** Rumelia Eyalet (1365–1867) *** Sanjak of Rhodes (1522–1912) *** United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1862) *

(1415–1999) **Evolution of the Portuguese Empire ** Portuguese colonization of the Americas *** Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) ** Coat of arms of Portuguese India (1951-1974)

Coat of arms of Portuguese India (1951-1974)

Portuguese India (1505–1961) ** Colonial Seal of Ceylon

(1598–1658) ** Coat of arms of Portuguese Timor (1951-1975)

(1702–1975) ** Portuguese Macau (1557–1999) **Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641) **Portuguese Nagasaki (1580–1587) **Portuguese Oman (1507–1656) **Tamão (1514–1521) **Portuguese Africa (disambiguation), Portuguese Africa *** Coat of arms of Portuguese East Africa (1951-1975)

Coat of arms of Portuguese East Africa (1951-1975)

Portuguese East Africa (1498–1975) *** Coat of arms of Portuguese West Africa (1951-1975)

Portuguese West Africa (1575–1975) *** Coat of arms of Portuguese Guinea (1951-1974)

(1474–1974) *** Coat of arms of Portuguese Cape Verde (1951-1975)

Portuguese Cape Verde (1462–1975) *** Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (1470–1975) ***Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá (1721–1961) ***Portuguese Gold Coast (1482–1642) *

(1721–1917) **Russian conquest of Siberia **Russian conquest of Central Asia **Russian colonization of the Americas: *** Russian America (1733–1867) ** Sagallo (1889) **Transcaucasia **Lüshunkou District#Late-19th century colonial era, Russian Port Arthur **Russian concession of Tianjin, Russian concession in Tientsin *

(1492–1825/1898) **Spanish colonization of the Americas *** New Spain, Viceroyalty of New Spain *** Viceroyalty of Peru *** Viceroyalty of New Granada *** Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ** Spanish East Indies (1565–1898) *** Captaincy General of the Philippines ** Spanish Africa *** Coat of Arms of the Portuguese and Spanish Guinea

Coat of Arms of the Portuguese and Spanish Guinea

Spanish Guinea (1778–1968) *** Coat of Arms of the Spanish Sahara

Spanish Sahara (1884–1975) *** Spanish protectorate in Morocco (1912–1956) *** Coat of Arms of the Spanish Province of Sidi Ifni

Ifni (Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña, 1476–1524/1859–1969). ** Habsburg Spain possessions in Europe: *** Coat of arms of the House of Bourbon-Parma

Duchy of Milan, Spanish Italy (1535–1713) *** Spanish Netherlands (1535–1713) * Swedish overseas colonies, Swedish Empire (1638–1663, 1733, 1784–1878) **Swedish colonies in the Americas *** New Sweden (1638–1655) *** Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy (1784–1878) ***

(1813–1814) ** Swedish Gold Coast (1650–1658, 1660–1663) ** Swedish Africa Company ** Swedish East India Company ** Parangipettai (1733) ** Swedish Factory, Canton Factories (1757–1860)
: * Japanese colonial empire, Japanese Empire (1868–1945) ** Ezo as Hokkaido (1869–present) ** Ryukyu Kingdom, Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture (1879–1945 & 1972–present) ** Seal of the Government-General of Taiwan

Seal of the Government-General of Taiwan

Taiwan under Japanese rule, Taiwan (1895–1945) ** Emblem_of_Karafuto_Prefecture

Karafuto Prefecture (1905–1949) ** Seal of the Government-General of Korea

Korea under Japanese rule, Korea (1910–1945) ** Emblem of the South Pacific Mandate

South Seas Mandate (1919–1947) ** (1932–1945) ** Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (1932–1945)
: * United States of America (1817–Unincorporated territories of the United States, present) **United States territorial acquisitions **American Colonization Society **Colony of Liberia (1821–1847) **Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, Philippines (1898–1946) **United States Military Government in Cuba (1898–1902) **United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948) **United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, Ryukyu Islands (1950–1972) ** (1947–1994) **American imperialism **American Concession (Shanghai), American Concession in Shanghai (1848–1863) **Foreign concessions in Tianjin, American concession in Tianjin (1869–1902) ** Coalition Provisional Authority, Iraq (Coalition Provisional Authority) (2003–2004) * Habsburg monarchy Austrian colonial policy, Colonies and the Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire (1719–1750, 1778–1783, 1901–1917) **Austrian colonial policy *** Ostend Company ****Bankipur (Bengal) ****Covelong ***Austrian East India Company ****Austrian colonisation of Nicobar Islands (1778–1785) ****History of Maputo#Austrian colonization, 1770s, Austrian Delagoa Bay (1773–1781) **** Móric Benyovszky, Móric Benyovszky's Madagascar (1774–1779) ****North Borneo, Austrian North Borneo **Franz Josef Land **Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin (1901–1917) **Hungarian colonial attempts * Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgarian Empire (1908–1946) **Pirin Macedonia (1908–1918) **Western Thrace (1923–1944) * Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1637–1795) and iniciatives ** Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (a Latvian vassal of Poland–Lithuania in 1637–1690): *** Couronian colonization, Couronian colonization in Africa *** Couronian colonization of the Americas ** Jaxa (state), Jaxa (1665–1685) ** Toco (1688–1689) ** Colonization attempts by Poland ** Polish occupation zone in Germany * List of former German colonies, German colonial initiatives (1683–1721) **List of former German colonies#Prussia, Colonies of Brandenburg-Prussia (1683–1721)Part of the Holy Roman Empire realm before 1804. **Hanauish Indies, Colonies of Wappen Hanau 2

County of Hanau **Askania-Nova (urban-type settlement), Neu-Askania (1828–1856) **German colonization of the Americas * Italy and the colonization of the Americas ** Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Thornton expedition (1608–1609) ** Kingdom of Sicily: Kingdom of Africa (1135–1160) ** Knights Hospitaller (History of Malta under the Order of Saint John, Malta, a vassal of the Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4

Kingdom of Sicily): Hospitaller colonization of the Americas * Norway **List of possessions of Norway (1920–present) **Erik the Red's Land **Dependencies of Norway, Norway Antarctic and sub-Antarctic possessions (1927–1957)The dependencies of Norway are uninhabited, thus as end date is taken the latest date of full Norwegian sovereignty extension to such territory, instead of the date of decolonization or integration in the administrative structures of the mainland. Bouvet Island claimed in 1927, under Norway sovereignty since 1930.
Peter I Island claimed in 1929, under Norway sovereignty since 1933.
Queen Maud Land claimed in 1938, under Norway sovereignty since 1957.
Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land fall under the scope of the Antarctic Treaty System since 1961. * Sweden-Norway (1814–1905) **Cooper Island (British Virgin Islands), Cooper Island (1844–1905) * Kingdom of Scotland (1621–1707) **Scottish colonization of the Americas * Kingdom of Morocco (1086–1228; 1975–present) **Al-Andalus **Southern Provinces * Omani Empire (1652–1892) **Yaruba dynasty (1624–1742) ** Sultanate of Muscat (1652–1820) ** (taken by Oman in 1698, became capital of the Omani Sultanate or Empire from 1632 or 1640; until 1890) **Mombasa (1698–1728, 1729–1744, 1837–1890) **Gwadar (1783–1958) *

, , and Russian Federation, Russian Federation (1547–1721) (1721–1917) (1917–1991) (1991–present) **Russian Colonialism **Soviet Empire **Russian conquest of Siberia **Soviet Central Asia *History of China#Imperial China, Chinese Empire (from Qin dynasty to Qing dynasty), (221 BC – 1911) **Chinese imperialism ***Tributary system of China, Imperial Chinese Tributary System ***

***Korea ****Canghai Commandery(A commandery that self subjugated to Han dynasty from Dongye) ****Four Commanderies of Han (Established after the fall of Gojoseon) ****Daifang Commandery (Offshoot of the former four commanderies of Han that existed in the 3rd to 4th century) ****Colonization attempts of the Tang dynasty after Unification of the three kingdoms of Korea (Gyerim Territory Area Command, Protectorate General to Pacify the East and Ungjin Commandery) ****Dongnyeong Prefectures, Ssangseong Prefectures and Tamna prefectures (Yuan dynasty) ***

(since the Han dynasty) **** Spratly Islands, Nansha Islands **** Paracel Islands, Xisha Islands *** Manchuria (during the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties) **** Northeast China, Inner Manchuria **** Outer Manchuria ***** Sakhalin, Kuye Island *** Inner Mongolia *** Outer Mongolia (during the Tang, Liao, Yuan, Northern Yuan, and Qing dynasties) **** Tuva, Tannu Uriankhai *** Taiwan (during the Qing dynasty) *** Tibet (during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties) ***

*** Chinese domination of Vietnam, Vietnam (during the Han, Xin, Eastern Wu, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Sui, Tang, Wu Zhou, Southern Han, and Ming dynasties) *** Xinjiang *** Central Asia (during the Tang, Western Liao, and Qing dynasties) **** Protectorate General to Pacify the West * Ethiopians, Ethiopian colonies as the Kingdom of Aksum#King Kaleb, Aksum Empire **Ancient history of Yemen#Kingdom of Ḥimyar (2nd century BCE – 525 CE), Viceroyalty of Yemen (520–578) * Persian Empire (disambiguation), Persian Empires **History of Oman#Persian period, Oman (5th century BC–628; Afsharid Conquests in the Persian Gulf & Oman, 1743–1747) **

(5th century BC–629; Uyunid dynasty, 1077–1253, Ormus#New Hormuz, 1330–1507) **Sasanian Yemen (570–628) *Aghlabids colonies as Arabs, Arab vassals of Abbasid Caliphate in Ifriqiya **History of Islam in southern Italy, Southern Italy ***Emirate of Sicily ***Emirate of Bari ***Islam in Malta#History, Malta * Chola empire **Srivijaya#Under the Cholas, Srivijaya **Chola conquest of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka * Rattanakosin Kingdom, Kingdom of Siam ** Kingdom of Vientiane (1778–1828) ** Kingdom of Luang Prabang (1778–1893) ** Kingdom of Champasak (1778–1893) ** Kingdom of Cambodia (1771–1867) **Siamese invasion of Kedah, Kedah (1821–1826) * (1799–1849) ** (1819–1846) ** (1834–1849) * **Romanian concession in Sarandë * Wales **Y Wladfa * ** Liga Federal (1815–1820) ** Protectorate of Peru, Peru (1820–1822) ** Riograndense Republic (1836–1845) ** Juliana Republic (1839–1845) ** Gobierno del Cerrito (1843–1851) ** Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego ** Conquest of the Desert, Patagonia ** Falkland Islands (1829–1831, 1832–1833, 1982) ** Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego

Escudo_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego

Argentine Antarctica ** Misiones ** Formosa province, Formosa ** Puna de Atacama ** Hippolyte Bouchard, California (1818) ** (1818) ** (1810–1816) ** Gonaïves, Haiti * **Clipperton Island **Revillagigedo Islands **Texas **California **Chiapas * ** **Chilean Antarctic Territory **Chiloé Province, Chiloé **Patagonia **Arica Department, Arica and Antofagasta *, ** Cisplatina ** Acre (state), Acre

Maps

an: File:Belgian colonial empire.png, Belgian colonial empire, Belgian Empire File:The British Empire.png,

File:Denmark-Norway and possessions.png, Danish colonial empire, Danish Empire File:DutchEmpire15.png, Dutch Empire File:English overseas possessions in 1700.png, English Empire File:EmpireFrench.png, French colonial empire, French Empire File:German colonial.PNG,

File:Italian Empire total.png,

File:All areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire.png,

File:The Russian Empire-en.svg,

File:Spanish Empire and Empire of Charles V.svg,

File:Sveriges alla besittningar genom tiderna.png, Swedish Empire

n: File:Japanese Empire (orthographic projection).svg, Japanese Empire File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png, Ottoman Empire List of empires#Possible and informal empires, Other countries with colonial possessions: File:Außengebiete der Vereinigten Staaten.png, Directly controlled territory of the United States at its greatest extent (1898–1902) File:Norway About 1265.png, Norwegian Realm File:AustrianColonies.png, Austro-Hungarian colonies and concessions throughout history File:Deutsche Kolonien.PNG, German colonies, German colonial efforts File:Rzeczpospolita voivodships.png, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and its colonies as a vassal of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth File:Courland colonization Gambia.png, Couronian settlements in Africa File:Trinidad and Tobago-CIA WFB Map.png, Couronian settlements in Americas (New Courland on Tobago) File:Hospitaller colonization.png, Map of the Hospitaller order's territories in the Caribbean File:Corona aragonum 1441.svg, The Crown of Aragon File:Scottish Colonies in North America.png, Scottish colonization of the Americas File:Map of Morocco and Western Sahara-fr.svg, Map of Morocco and Western Sahara with the Southern Provinces in a darker color. File:Rajendra map new.svg, Chola empire, Chola Empire File:Tang Dynasty Map (vi version).jpg, Chinese sphere of influence during Tang dynasty File:Kingdom of Aksum Map.png, Aksum Empire and its possessions in Yemen File:Areas under Omani influence 18th-19th century.svg, Omani Empire and its oversea possessions around the Indian Ocean File:Timeline of Iran map.gif, Timeline of the Persian Empire (disambiguation) (disambiguation), Persian Empires and its overseas possessions in Yemen, Oman or Bahrein. File:Aghlabids Dynasty 800 - 909 (AD)-es.svg, Aghlabids and its Arab colonies

Notes and references

External links

Visualizing western empires decline
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colonial Empire History of colonialism, Empire Empires Overseas empires,

History

European colonial empires

Timeline

List of colonial empires

Maps

See also

Notes and references

External links